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A graduated cylinder is a laboratory instrument used to accurately measure liquid volumes. Its main characteristics are as follows:

Materials:
This is a graduated cylinder made of borosilicate glass, known for its resistance to chemicals and thermal shock.

Shape and Structure:
It has an elongated cylindrical shape and is equipped with a stable base (here, a round base, although hexagonal bases also exist) and a pouring spout to facilitate the transfer of liquids.

Graduations:
The cylinder is clearly graduated, allowing the volume of liquid contained to be read. In the image, the graduations are visible from 100 ml to 1000 ml, indicating a maximum capacity of 1 liter.

Accuracy:
Graduated cylinders are designed for precise volume measurement, often calibrated “to contain” (TC or In) and classified according to accuracy standards (such as Class ).

The characteristics of a test tube like the one pictured include the following:

Materials:
Clear glass (such as soda-lime glass or borosilicate).

Shape:
A narrow cylindrical body with a base that can be round (U-shaped), conical (V-shaped), or flat, and a top opening. The image shows a flat bottom.

Dimensions and Capacity:
Test tubes come in various sizes and volumes. The one pictured is graduated up to 25 ml, with an accuracy indication of “±0.2”. The visible graduations are 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ml.

Use:
Used in laboratories to hold, mix, and heat chemicals, or for specific analyses such as food quality control or blood tests. The object in the image, being graduated, is more specifically a flask, used to precisely measure liquid volumes.

Resistance:
Resistance to temperature changes and chemicals varies depending on the type of glass.

The characteristics of these graduated pipettes are as follows:

Brand and Volume:
This is a Citotest brand graduated pipette, with a maximum volume of 50 ml.

Materials:
It is made of glass, as suggested by its transparency and common laboratory use for this type of instrument.

Graduations:
The pipette features clear and precise graduations, allowing for accurate measurement of liquids.

Conformity:
Graduated pipettes of this type comply with the accuracy standards for laboratory volumetric instruments, such as the ISO 6706 Class B standard for graduated cylinders mentioned for similar Citotest products.

Use:
It is designed for transferring and measuring precise volumes of liquids in the laboratory, particularly for liquid handling.

A borosilicate glass Erlenmeyer flask has several key characteristics:

Materials:
It is made of borosilicate 3.3 glass (such as Pyrex™ or Duran®), known for its high resistance to thermal shock and chemical corrosion.

Capacity:
The flask pictured has a capacity of 1000 ml, with graduations indicating volumes (e.g., 400 ml, 600 ml).

Shape:
Its conical shape ensures good stability and facilitates mixing and heating liquids. The neck can be narrow or wide.

Graduations:
It has graduations (often white enamel) for approximate volume measurements.

Resistance:
Borosilicate glass provides excellent heat resistance, allowing direct heating and autoclaving for sterilization.

Use:
It is commonly used in laboratories for mixing, heating, cooling, and storing liquids, as well as for titrations and cell cultures.

The separating funnel has the following characteristics:

Shape:
It is pear-shaped (or conical), optimized for phase separation.

Materials:
Made of borosilicate glass, which gives it chemical resistance and inertness.

Capacity:
The marking on the funnel indicates a capacity of 500 mL.

Stopcock:
It is equipped with a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) stopcock, known for its chemical resistance and leak-tightness. The stopcock allows precise control of liquid flow.

Ground Joint:
The upper neck has a 24/29 type ground joint, indicating compatibility with stoppers or other laboratory equipment of the corresponding size.

Conformity:
This type of funnel complies with international standards such as ISO 4800.

Glass laboratory funnel. Its main characteristics are as follows:

Material:
Made of borosilicate glass, known for its resistance to saline solutions, acids, bases, and organic solvents, as well as thermal shock.

Construction:
It consists of a flared conical portion for easy pouring and a tubular stem to direct the flow into a narrow-mouthed container.

Use:
Mainly used for transferring liquids or powders into narrow-mouthed containers without spilling, and can also be used as a filter paper holder during gravity filtration.

Dimensions:
Glass funnels are available in various sizes, namely: 90mm, 120mm, with varying stem diameters and lengths, suitable for various laboratory applications.

Standards:
Manufactured according to specific standards such as ISO 4798 or DIN 12445 to ensure quality and laboratory compatibility.

Borosilicate Glass Beakers – Technical Specifications

(High-Performance Laboratory Containers)

1. Material Properties

2. Product Line Overview

Note: All graduations are approximate (±5% tolerance).

3. Key Features

✔ Spout design: Pouring without drips
✔ Wide base: Enhanced stability
✔ Etched markings: Acid-resistant graduations
✔ Autoclavable: Reusable after sterilization

4. Comparative Advantages

5. Usage Guidelines

• Heating: Use wire gauze with ceramic center for even heat distribution

• Cleaning: Avoid abrasive scrubbers to prevent surface scratches

• Storage: Stack with protective liners to prevent chipping

Safety Note: Discard if cracks/chips appear – compromised glass may fail under thermal stress.

6. Compliance & Standards

• Meets ASTM E960 (lab glassware)

• ISO 4797 (thermal shock testing)

• CE marked for EU markets

Volumetric Flasks – Technical Specifications

(Precision Liquid Measurement Vessels)

1. Material & Construction

• Primary Material: Borosilicate glass 3.3 (e.g., Pyrex®)

  • Thermal shock resistant (ΔT ≤ 200°C)

  • Chemical resistance to acids/bases (except HF)

• Stopper: Ground glass joint (NS 29/32 standard)

• Markings: Permanent enamel graduation

2. Accuracy & Compliance

3. Standard Capacities

4. Key Features

✔ Single graduation mark for precise filling
✔ Hexagonal base for stability
✔ Traceable certification (NIST/DKD)

5. Usage Protocol

1. Cleaning: Chromic acid rinse → triple DI water wash

2. Filling: Meniscus tangent to mark (eye-level)

3. Mixing: 10× inversions (no shaking)

Do NOT heat when sealed – thermal expansion risks rupture

6. Quality Verification

• Weight Test: Verify volume using distilled water (d=0.9982 g/mL at 20°C)

• Documentation: Class A requires individual calibration certificate

Burettes – Precision Liquid Dispensing Instruments

(For Titrations & Volumetric Analysis)

1. Key Components

2. Technical Specifications

3. Types & Selection Guide

• Digital Burettes: Motorized, programmable dispensing

• Microburettes: For <1 mL volumes (0.01 mL gradations)

• Automatic Zeroing: Self-refilling designs

4. Proper Usage Protocol

1. Rinsing: Pre-wet with titrant solution

2. Filling: Avoid air bubbles (use funnel)

3. Reading: Eye level at meniscus

4. Delivery: Slow, drop-wise near endpoint

5. Calibration & Maintenance

• Verification: Annual calibration with distilled water

• Cleaning: Chromic acid for stubborn residues

• Storage: Vertical position, stopcock grease applied