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The human foot is a complex anatomical structure with several important features, visible in models and confirmed by anatomy.

Key Features of the Human Foot:

Complex Bony Structure: The foot is composed of 26 bones, forming a longitudinal and transverse arch that acts as a shock absorber and support for the body’s weight.

Multiple Joints: It contains approximately 30 joints, allowing for great mobility and flexibility, particularly at the ankle, which connects the foot to the leg.

Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments: More than 100 muscles, tendons, and ligaments work together to provide movement, stability, and support for the structure of the foot, including the arch.

Three Distinct Parts: The foot is subdivided into three main parts: the hindfoot (comprising the calcaneus and talus), the midfoot (comprising the cuboid, navicular, and cuneiform bones), and the forefoot (comprising the metatarsals and phalanges of the toes).

Essential Functional Role: The foot is fundamental for balance, locomotion (walking, running), and shock absorption during physical activities.

Form Variations: The models illustrate different foot shapes, such as the normal foot, flat foot (with a low arch), and pes cavus (with an excessively high arch), each with specific biomechanical implications.

Sensory Receptors: Sensory receptors detect touch, temperature, and pain, sending signals to the brain to adjust posture and gait.

The main features of the Anatomical Model of the Human Head with Brain are as follows:

Model Type: This is an anatomical model of the human head with brain, designed for study and teaching.

Material: The model is made of PVC and/or rubberized plastic resin.

Disassembly: The model can be dissected into 10 parts, allowing for a detailed study of the various internal structures.

Size: It is life-size.

Visible Structures: It offers a dual perspective: an external view of the anatomy of the face and skull with skin, and an internal view showing the structure of the skull, face, and internal organs, including the brain and its components (sulci, gyri, hypothalamus, ventricles, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons, spinal cord), the eye, the bones of the skull and face, and the mouth.

Recommended Use: It is suitable for training, laboratories, classroom teaching, analytical laboratories, medical offices and clinics.

• Ideal for studying and teaching cardiac anatomy.
• These models are made of high-quality PVC for safe use.
• They accurately reproduce the morphological structures of the heart, including veins and valve details.
• Some models are multi-part, often held together by magnets, allowing for the study of internal structures such as chambers and valves.
• These models are mounted on a stable base and can be removed for closer examination.
• They are available in various sizes, including life-size and enlarged models.

This type of model is commonly used for educational purposes, particularly in medical schools or for patient education

Features of this model:

• It represents the basic anatomical structure of the liver, including the four lobes (right, left, quadrate and caudate).
• It highlights the complex vascular network of the liver, with the portal vessels, hepatic arteries and hepatic veins, often shown in different colours for easy identification.The gallbladder and the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts are also visible.
• The model is usually mounted on a stand for greater stability during demonstrations.

Anatomical Model of the Female Pelvis – Key Features

This detailed anatomical model accurately represents the structure and function of the female human pelvis, designed for both educational and clinical applications.

Bone Composition:

• Includes paired iliac (coxal) bones, sacrum, and coccyx

• Features L1 and L2 lumbar vertebrae to demonstrate spinal articulation

• Provides complete representation of pelvic skeletal anatomy

Structural Characteristics:

• Distinctive funnel-shaped architecture divided into:

  • Greater pelvis (false pelvis): Upper, flared portion

  • Lesser pelvis (true pelvis): Lower, narrower cavity

• Anatomically accurate female morphology:

  • Wider, more circular pelvic inlet

  • Broader subpubic angle

  • Shorter, more everted sacrum

• Designed to reflect obstetric adaptations for childbirth

Functional Attributes:

• Supports weight transfer between trunk and lower limbs

• Provides attachment points for major muscle groups

• Protects reproductive organs and lower abdominal viscera

• Facilitates bipedal locomotion and spinal stability

Educational & Clinical Applications:

• Essential teaching tool for:

  • Medical and nursing education

  • Physical therapy programs

  • Midwifery training

• Valuable clinical reference for:

  • Obstetric and gynecological practice

  • Orthopedic assessments

  • Surgical planning

• Enables detailed study of:

  • Pelvic dimensions and variations

  • Biomechanical relationships

  • Pathological conditions

This detailed anatomical model provides a comprehensive study of the human nervous and respiratory systems. Mounted on a sturdy board for easy display, it is an exceptional educational tool for students and professionals alike, offering a clear, three-dimensional understanding of complex anatomical structures.

Key Features & Benefits

• Dual-System Demonstration: Uniquely combines a schematic view of the central and peripheral nervous systems with a detailed model of the respiratory system.

• Hands-On Learning: Features multiple removable parts for interactive study of internal structures like the heart and larynx.

• Exceptional Detail: Accurately depicts intricate anatomical features, including the bronchial tree, lung lobes, vocal cords, and major blood vessels.

• Durable Construction: Built from high-quality materials and mounted on a rigid board for stability and longevity in classroom or office settings.

Designed for the study and understanding of human anatomy.

This detailed educational model is often used in medical institutions to train students and residents, and can also be used to educate patients.

Here are some of its features and removable parts:

Open head: Allows visualization of the brain (often in several parts), skull, and facial muscles.

Internal organs: Detailed representation of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, nervous, and circulatory systems, with organs such as the heart, lungs, stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, pancreas, and spleen.

Removable parts: Many models include removable organs (e.g., brain, lungs, heart, stomach, intestines) for in-depth exploration of each system individually or as a whole.

Anatomical details: Some models feature additional details such as muscle layers, spine, nerves, vessels, and bone structures.

This expertly crafted relief model provides a clear, schematic overview of the human central and peripheral nervous systems. Mounted on a sturdy board for display and study, it is an essential educational tool for students and professionals.

Specifications

• Model Dimensions: 80 cm L x 33 cm W x 6 cm H (31.5″ x 13″ x 2.4″)

• Weight: 3.1 kg (6.83 lbs)

• Display: Mounted on a rigid, stable board.

The anatomical model of the shoulder joint has several notable features:

Realistic Representation: This is a detailed model of the human shoulder joint, including the scapula, clavicle, and humerus, as well as representations of the ligaments and joint capsules (indicated by the red-orange color).

Flexibility: The model’s joints are flexible, allowing for the simulation of various shoulder movements such as abduction, adduction, forward and backward tilt, and rotation.

Durable Material: The model is made of high-quality PVC, making it resistant to damage and deformation, ensuring its durability for educational use.

Display Stand: It is mounted on a stable base, facilitating its presentation and study.

Educational tool: Designed for teaching anatomy, it provides a visual and tactile aid for understanding the structure and function of the shoulder joint.

The human spine anatomical model, commonly referred to as the spine, represents the central support structure of the human skeleton, extending from the skull’s base to the pelvis.

Structure and Composition:
Comprised of 33 vertically stacked vertebrae, separated by intervertebral discs that function as shock absorbers.

Segments:
Divided into five regions: 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), and the coccyx (3-4 fused vertebrae).

Functions:
Serves three primary roles:
– **Static**: Maintains upright posture.
– **Dynamic**: Enables trunk and head mobility.
– **Protective**: Shields the spinal cord within the spinal canal.

Role:
Supports body weight, facilitates a wide range of movements, and acts as an anchor for muscles and ligaments.

The main features of this anatomical pelvis model with 5 lumbar vertebrae are

Realistic and Life-Size Representation: This is a life-size model of the human pelvis, including the iliac bones, sacrum, coccyx, and the five lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5), as well as the intervertebral discs.

Quality Materials: Made of high-quality PVC, it is durable and washable, and the pubic symphysis cartilage is made of rubber for increased realism.

Accurate Anatomical Details: The model preserves the details of each anatomical bone, including the left and right pelvic bones (ischium, ilium, and pubis) and the lumbar vertebrae with their structures.

Educational Functionality: Designed as a teaching and demonstration tool, it is ideal for the study of human anatomy, medical training, and communication between healthcare professionals and patients.

Mounting Stand: The model is mounted on a stable plastic base and includes a removable mounting stand for easy study and presentation.

Versatility: Suitable for use in a variety of settings such as education, art studies, cosmetics, and medical fields.

Skin Characteristics

The skin, represented by the anatomical model, is the largest organ in the human body and has several essential characteristics and functions.

Structure
The skin is composed of three main layers, visible on the model:
The epidermis: The outermost layer, visible and palpable, which protects against toxins, bacteria, and fluid loss. It contains melanocytes that produce melanin, which filters UV rays.
The dermis: Located beneath the epidermis, it is a thick layer of elastic and fibrous tissue that gives the skin its strength and elasticity. It contains nerve endings, sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels.
The hypodermis (or fatty layer): Located beneath the dermis, it insulates the body from heat and cold and serves as a protective layer for storing energy reserves. Functions

The skin performs many vital functions:
Protection: It protects the body from heat, cold, UV rays, injuries, and infections.
Thermal regulation: It controls body temperature through perspiration (produced by sweat glands) and vasodilation/vasoconstriction of blood vessels.
Sensory: It allows the perception of touch, pain, pressure, and temperature through nerve endings.
Vitamin D synthesis: Under the influence of sunlight, the skin participates in the production of vitamin D.
Excretion: It removes waste from the body through perspiration.
Aesthetic and psychosocial: Its color, texture, and quality play an important role in appearance and social interactions.