Anatomy of the Human Urinary System
### **Human Urinary System – Key Features**
The urinary system consists of specialized organs that work together to filter blood, remove waste, and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
**Kidneys**
– Paired, bean-shaped organs that filter blood to eliminate waste (e.g., urea, excess salts).
– Regulate blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and red blood cell production.
**Ureters**
– Two narrow tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
**Bladder**
– A muscular, expandable sac that stores urine (capacity: ~600 mL).
– Contracts during urination to expel urine.
**Arteries & Veins**
– Represented in red (arteries) and blue (veins) on models.
– Supply blood to the kidneys for filtration and oxygenate urinary tissues.
**Urethra**
– The final passageway for urine excretion from the bladder to the exterior.
Anesthesia Cart
The characteristics of an anesthesia cart generally include the following:
Construction Materials:
Mainly made of aluminum, steel, and ABS engineering plastic, providing lightness, strength, reliability, and resistance to corrosion and cleaning and disinfectant products.
Structure and Design:
ABS top shelf with raised edges to prevent objects from falling.
Five drawers of different sizes (two small, two medium, and one large) with a central locking system for the safety of medications and valuables.
Steel columns: plastic or aluminum alloy with PVDF coating.
Side and rear panels made of high-quality aluminum composite.
Drawers with dampers for soft and silent closing.
Mobility and Safety:
Equipped with swivel casters (with brakes) for easy mobility and secure immobilization.
Round bumpers located under the cart protect against impacts.
Specific Features:
Designed for the storage and rapid distribution of emergency medications and medical equipment (injections, IV access, oxygenation, suction, ventilation).
Includes accessories such as a defibrillator shelf, an IV pole holder, wastebaskets, a utility container, and a needle holder.
Customization:
The drawers are modular with internal dividers to organize medications and equipment.
Anesthesia Machine
Jinling-01 Anesthesia Workstation
Advanced Surgical Anesthesia Delivery System
Core Functionality:
✔ Precision Gas Delivery – Safely administers calibrated mixtures of:
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Medical-grade oxygen & nitrous oxide
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Volatile anesthetics (halothane & isoflurane chambers)
✔ Integrated Patient Management –
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Advanced ventilator with multiple modes
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Real-time vital signs monitoring (SpO₂, ECG, EtCO₂, etc.)
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Touchscreen interface for parameter control
Safety & Compliance:
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Hypoxic mixture prevention
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Gas pressure alarms (O₂ failure protection)
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CE/FDA standards (confirm specific certifications)
CATEGORY: Operating Room
Key Improvements:
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Technical Clarity – Explicitly lists gases and monitoring parameters
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Safety Emphasis – Highlights critical fail-safes upfront
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Modern Features – Showcases touchscreen/ventilator capabilities
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Structured Layout – Separates functionality, safety, and usability
Anesthesia Machine
Jinling-850 Advanced Anesthesia Workstation
Precision Anesthesia Delivery & Ventilation
✔ Dual Control System – Operates in both pneumatic and electronic modes with:
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Circuit flexibility: Closed, semi-closed, or semi-open configurations
✔ Intelligent Ventilation –
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8 Ventilation Modes: IPPV, SIPPV, VCV, PCV, IMV, SIMV, Manual, Standby
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Wide Parameter Range:
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Tidal volume: 20–1500ml (display up to 2000ml)
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Respiratory rate: 1–100 bpm
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I/E ratio: 8:1 to 1:10
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✔ Comprehensive Safety Systems –
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Real-time alarms for airway pressure/tidal volume
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4+ hour battery backup for critical procedures
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O2/N2O pressure monitoring (medical-grade gas supply)
✔ Anesthetic Agent Compatibility –
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Vaporizers for Enflurane, Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, Halothane
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Concentration range: 0.5%–5%
CATEGORY: Operating Room (or “Surgery” per your list)
Key Enhancements:
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Technical Precision – Clearly specifies ventilation modes and gas settings
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Safety Prioritization – Highlights backup power and alarm systems
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Structured Layout – Groups features by functionality (ventilation → safety → agents)
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Clinical Relevance – Emphasizes OR-ready capabilities
Ankle Brace
The “XP Sports Goods X” ankle support brace has the following features:
Brand and Model: XP Sports Goods, Model No. 6602, under the brand name Xiaopeng.
Function: Designed to provide ankle support, potentially helping prevent injuries such as sprains and relieve pain through targeted compression.
Design: Ergonomic and form-fitting, allowing it to be worn under socks and in shoes without discomfort.
Material: Likely made from a stretchy, breathable fabric to ensure comfort and effective support.
Use: Ideal for sports, strength training, fitness, aerobics, or post-injury recovery.
Size: Available in one size and adjustable, providing a firm and comfortable fit.
Ankle Brace
The ankle brace presented has several features designed to support and stabilize the ankle:
Rigid Structure and Support Straps: The brace incorporates rigid reinforcements, likely made of thermoplastic material, that wrap around the ankle to limit unwanted movement and prevent recurring sprains. Non-elastic Velcro straps provide a secure and adjustable fit around the lower leg and foot.
Comfort and Adjustability: The interior of the brace is often made of terry cloth for increased comfort and better moisture absorption. The design generally accommodates various sizes and shapes of ankles, including swollen or deformed ankles, thanks to a large opening and adjustable straps.
Prevention and Recovery: It is designed to protect the ankle from incorrect movement, relieve pain and inflammation, and improve blood circulation to promote faster healing after injuries such as sprains.
Additional features: Some splints may include gel pads for targeted compression and massaging, or silicone padding to protect against shock and vibration. Features like an integrated application tab can make donning easier.
Ankle support
Ankle Support/ Brace works perfectly for women and men. It is carefully designed to protect and heal ankle sprain. It possesses Quick sweat-absorbent feature that gives thermal compression for long hours of continuous use!Perfect for running, aerobics, football, weightlifting, hiking, and can also be worn during your daily activities. Seamlessly made with Soft-wavy Silicon with added friction aims to perfectly hold in the ankle in place coupled with an Open Heel DesigN
Anterior Cervical Cage Peek
- An Anterior Cervical Cage Titanium is a spinal implant used in spinal surgeries involving the cervical spine.
- The small, hollow design of the cage allows it to be placed between the vertebrae between the vertebrae in the cervical spine.
- The lordotic curve of the implant mimics the natural curvature of the spine.
- Especially used in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Surgery (ACDF), this cage supports the space between the vertebrae after the removal of a damaged disc, promoting bone growth and spinal alignment for better stability.
- Made out of PEEK material, these cages prove to be lighter, potentially reducing post-operative stress on the spine
Anti-bedsore mattress
Installation and connection: Lay the mattress out on a hospital or single bed, connect the pump’s air tube to the mattress, and plug the air pump into an electrical socket, placing it more than 20 cm from the floor in a dry, clean place.
Switching on: Switch on the air pump; the indicator light will come on and the mattress will begin to operate.
Precautions for use: Switch off the power supply immediately and stop using the pump if it operates abnormally (loud noise, strange smell).
Weight restrictions and medical advice: This mattress must not be used by patients weighing more than 135 kg and must only be used under the supervision of a doctor.
Anti-decubitus mattress
The main features of an anti-decubitus air mattress are:
Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers:
Designed to reduce pressure on areas of the body prone to pressure ulcers (or pressure sores) in people confined to bed for long periods.
Alternating pressure technology:
Uses a built-in electric pump to inflate and deflate air chambers in regular cycles, which evenly distributes body weight and improves blood circulation.
Durable and hygienic material:
Generally made of medical-grade PVC or TPU, offering durability, water resistance, and hypoallergenic properties, making cleaning and maintenance easier.
Low-noise air pump:
The pump is designed to be quiet so as not to disturb the patient’s sleep.
Thickened fabric:
The mattress features thickened fabric for added strength and durability.
CE Conformity:
Indicates that the product complies with European Union safety, health, and environmental protection standards.
Appendicitis-Hernia Box
The appendicitis and hernia box is a set of surgical instruments specifically designed for procedures related to appendicitis and hernias.
Features of the appendicitis and hernia box:
Container: It is generally contained in an autoclavable stainless steel or aluminum box.
Instruments: The box contains a variety of surgical instruments essential for these operations, such as:
Forces (dressing, drape, Halstead, Chaput, Bengolea)
Scalpel handle
Sterilization: The instruments are delivered in an autoclavable container, allowing them to be sterilized before surgical use.
Use: This set is intended to facilitate surgical procedures for the removal of an inflamed appendix (appendectomy) and the repair of hernias, particularly inguinal hernias.
Applanation Tonometer
CT) use a puff of air to flatten the cornea, eliminating the need for anesthesia or contact.
Corneal Thickness Influence: The rigidity and thickness of the cornea affect the measurement; thinner corneas may result in artificially low readings, while thicker corneas may lead to falsely high ones.
Slit-Lamp Integration: The most common Goldmann applanation tonometer is mounted on a slit lamp.
Calibration: Instruments require daily calibration using standard weights to ensure accuracy.
Mire Rings (Goldmann): A split-image prism creates mires (marked rings) that are aligned to determine the applanation point and thus the IOP.
